Empirical Methods in Communication Essay Example

Empirical Methods in Communication Essay Empirical Methods in Communication Name: Institution: Empirical Methods in Communication We will write a custom essay sample on Empirical Methods in Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Empirical Methods in Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Empirical Methods in Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Question 1 Palomares and Lee’s experiment subjected female and male participants to tests on emotion, tentative language and apologies to examine whether gendered avatars affected individuals’ language and communication. The experiment sought to find out the effect of computer aided communication on the participants. They had observed a certain influence of gender in online communications. The 2x2x2 factorial design of the experiment involved three variables: the participant’s gender, the avatar’s gender and the gender of the partner’s avatar. They used this system to analyze the participants using a six tier evaluation across the three conditions. The hypothesis of the study was, â€Å"Women, but not men, use more gender-typical language (a) references to emotion, (b) apologies, and (c) tentative language—when the gender of their avatar matches their true gender than when it mismatches† (Palomares Lee, 2011, p.9). The participants were manipul ated based on gendered avatars and communication using the between-subjects research design. There were six conditions overall in the experiment. For participant gender (male or female), avatar’s gender (male or female) and for partner’s avatar (male or female). The participant’s avatars were tested wherever there was matching or mismatch in gender to show their reaction to both avatars of the same and the opposite gender. Question 2 The research employed a fast-food scenario in examining the participants’ linguistic reactions to gender-based avatars. The researchers knew that fast food scenarios show some level of gender neutrality thus ensuring that the method used did not favor one particular gender. They thus controlled the experiment from the influence of external factors or gender unfair methods that may influence the results of the study (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.13). The use of fast food scenarios ensured the research results were not skewed towards one gender type. The researchers employed two research assistants who were completely unaware of the research hypothesis and design were employed to aid in the research (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.12). They understood the need to use research assistants with no preconceived assumptions on the outcome to achieve a reliable and unbiased result. The researchers chose not to inform the participants of the experiment’s purpose in order to obtain reliable and unbiased information from them. The lack of knowledge ensured that the information they gave was credible and not influence by any presumptions like if they knew the purpose of the experiment. Question 3 The researchers carried out a validity test of the gendered avatars during the pretest to establish their suitability for the research. They understood the need to confirm the validity of the manipulation method used on the independent variable. An invalid method would produce inaccurate results. They manipulated gendered avatars to represent masculinity and femininity. They asked the fifty students were then required to describe whether the avatars were feminine or masculine (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.11). The results showed that the feminine avatar was more feminine than the masculine avatar thus making the avatars suitable for the research. The researchers also carried out a pretest involving fifty students, 66% of whom were female (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.12). They were thus able to confirm that their methods were valid and reliable for the experiment. The pretest involved a fast food trivia where the participants attempted to identify whether the research questions were gender biased (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.13). The results of the pretest showed that both male and female participants could identify gender inclinations in text during interactions with other people in computer-aided communication. Question 4 Palomares and Lee, knowing that the primary variables did not have a direct relationship, measured three mediating variables. The three mediating variables included emotion, tentative language and apologies (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.5). The three factors showed the influence of the gendered avatars on the performance of linguistic communication of the participant. For instance, participants exhibited emotive reactions in their communications with the gendered avatars. They took the participants through a series of examinations that would enable them to describe variable relationships. Women exhibited reactions that are more emotional with avatars matching their gender. Men, on the other hand, were more emotional when it came to avatars of the opposite gender, according to the findings. In the tentative language tests, females showed a lot of tentative use when the avatar representing their gender appeared while men showed more use of tentative language in both scenarios. The results for tentative use were, however, not statistically significant to warrant a comparison between the female and male participants (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.14). In the test for apologies, women used more apologies while communicating with avatars matching their gender than those of the opposite gender. Men, on the other hand, were indifferent across all avatar genders. Women, however, employed more apologies when compared to men. Question 5 Palomares and Lee understanding that their research was not perfect and the results cannot be applied across different populations identified the limiting factors of the study. There are several limitations to the ability to generalize from these findings. The researchers observed the notion that the linguistic factors used in the testing of language were predominantly feminine thus the research could have been biased towards women (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.17). This explains the higher female scores in the avatar tests. The results might reflect the correct state of affairs, but the use of the three tests is a limiting factor that might have influenced the results of the study. they also identified that gender salience is known to have a profound influence on the reactions of participants to gendered avatars yet they did not include it in the experiment (Palomares Lee, 2010, p.15). Thus, generalization of the results is difficult due to the factors of measurement that might have el icited stronger reactions from the women, and the gender salience issue that has a significant influence on participant reactions particularly female participants. Reference Palomares, N., Lee, E. J. (January 01, 2010). Virtual Gender Identity: The Linguistic Assimilation to Gendered Avatars in Computer-Mediated Communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 1, 5-23.

Understanding Aber and Sondern in German

Understanding Aber and Sondern in German ​Conjunctions are words that link two sentences. In German, they belong to the group of non-declinable words, which means that they never change, no matter what case you think you should use or what gender a following noun has. However, while in English you might only have one option, in German you will often find several possibilities to choose from.  Such is the case with aber and sondern, which your dictionary will most certainly translate both as but. Using but in German Take a look at the following sentences: The child didnt want to go home, but to the park. Das Kind will nicht nach Hause gehen, sondern zum Park. I dont understand what you say, but you will certainly be right. Ich verstehe nicht, was Sie sagen, aber Sie werden schon Recht haben. She is exhausted but doesnt want to go to sleep. Sie ist erschà ¶pft aber will nicht schlafen gehen. As you can see, both aber and sondern mean but in English. How do you know which but conjunction to use? It is actually quite simple: Aber, which means but or however,  is used after either a positive or negative clause. On the other hand, sondern is only used after a negative clause when expressing a contradiction. In other words, the first clause of the sentence must contain either nicht or kein, and the second part of the sentence must contradict the first part of the sentence. Sondern can be best translated as  but rather. Carusos Little Brother Helps You to Create Better Sentences One last thing: aber and sondern are so called ADUSO-words. ADUSO is an acronym for: Aaber (but)Ddenn (because)Uund (and)Ssondern (contradicting but)Ooder (or) Those conjunctions all take position zero in a sentence. To remember that, you might want to think of ADUSO as the little brother of Enrico Caruso, the great opera singer. But he never grew out of his famous brothers shadow and remained quite a loser. Imagine the o in loser as a zero to remember position zero. A Little Quiz Lets test your knowledge. Which German version of but would you use in the following sentences? Ich komme nicht aus England _____ aus Schottland. I dont come from England but from Scotland. Ich bin hungrig, _____  ich habe keine Zeit etwas zu essen. I am hungry, but I dont have time to eat something. Sie spricht drei Sprachen: Englisch, Russisch, und Arabisch, _____ leider kein Deutsch. She speaks three languages: English, Russian, and Arabic, but unfortunately no German. Wir htten gerne drei cheeseburger _____ ohne Zwiebeln. We would like (to have) three cheeseburgers but without onions. Er hat keinen Kartoffelsalat mitgebracht, _____  Nudelsalat. He didnt bring potato salad, but noodle salad. Er hat gesagt, er bringt Kartoffelsalat mit, _____ er hat Nudelsalat mitgebracht. He said, hed bring potato salad, but he brought noodle salad. Answers to the Quiz Ich komme nicht aus England,  sondern  aus Schottland.Ich bin hungrig,  aber  ich habe keine Zeit etwas zu essen.Sie spricht drei Sprachen: Englisch, Russisch und Arabisch  aber  leider kein Deutsch.Wir htten gerne drei Cheeseburger,  aber  ohne Zwiebeln.Er hat keinen Kartoffelsalat mitgebracht, sondern  Nudelsalat.Er hat gesagt, er bringt Kartoffelsalat mit,  aber  er hat Nudelsalat mitgebracht.

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose one - Essay Example There has been a lot of emphasis on empowerment of people, equality of rights, and eradication of racism from the society at all levels over the past few decades. This has made gay marriage one of the most debatable topics of the present age. â€Å"Fifty percent of Americans believe same-sex marriages should be recognized by law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages† (Newport). Anti-gay notions that have been an integral part of the conservative culture are being openly discussed and challenged now as these notions are being identified as racism and discrimination against the gay community. I personally believe that since religion has condemned gay marriage, and religion happens to be the fundamental source of knowledge of ethics for the mankind; gay marriage should remain illegal. Analysis of the Issue Proponents of the gay marriage say that it should be legalized because illegalization of gay marriage is a discrimination against the gay community. The Natio nal Gay and Lesbian Task Force’s Executive Director, Rea Carey shared her views in these words, â€Å"Equal protection under the law is a foundational guarantee for all Americans, and denial of the right to marry flies in the face of this shared value† (Carey). ... Even some heterosexual people approve of gay marriages. While declaring that he approves of gay marriages in an interview with ABC’s Robin Roberts, President Barack Obama said, â€Å"I hesitated on gay marriage in part because I thought civil unions would be sufficient [and that] for a lot of people, the word marriage was something that evokes very powerful traditions, religious beliefs and so forth† (Obama cited in â€Å"JUST IN†). Opponents of the gay marriage primarily base their argument on the teachings of religion. Homosexuality has not only been condemned but has been described as a transgression of the limits imposed by God upon mankind in most of the religions in general and the Abrahamic religions in particular. George (Carey) refers to the gay marriage as a threat to the bond between the state and the church. In addition to religion, opponents of the gay marriage consider it an unnatural act since gay couples cannot produce children in the biological w ay. They either have to adopt children or live with the children they have had through previous heterosexual marriages. Opponents of the gay marriage also highlight the negative implications of the gay marriage on the psychology of children living with the gay couples, as well as upon the society particularly which suffers from a negative rate of population growth. Conclusion Legalization of gay marriage is an ethical controversy since it involves the right of a certain community i.e. gay community and its implications on their own lives, on the lives of people related to them, and the society at large. In most countries of the world, women outnumber men in population. On one hand, if gay marriages are legalized,

Moulding Techniques for a Brake Caliper Assignment

Moulding Techniques for a Brake Caliper - Assignment Example End products are normally component products applicable in various industries and applications. Below are samples of brake calipers of the various make of vehicles. It is also known as expandable pattern casting (EPC). LFC involves the substitution of a low solidity foam prototype by liquid metal. It offers the capability of a direct production of nearly any multifaceted geometry including sophisticated cavities and undercuts without tapers and the requirement for considerable completed work (Bhattacharjee 201). Compared to the conservative sand casting methods it has an environmental and economic advantage. The actual LFC-system applies patterns of expandable polystyrene (EPS) for manufacturing applications. These patterns, directly designed to shape, are engrossed in a molding case with binder less sand. The fluid metal, which is dispensed into the molds of the downspouts, vaporizes the EPS model, which is specifically substituted by the metal (Bhattacharjee 201). With the opportunity of assembled prototypes very sophisticated shapes can be generated and the castings can be replicated with amazing dimensional accuracy. Pattern making: The first material needed for pattern production is EPS. The first step in the LFC-procedure is the pre-enlargement of EPS beads. After maturing the beads are gusted into a mold producing the pattern part. The mold is then heated up with steam to expand the beads more and tightly fit the hole of the mold. Hot vapor and enlargement of the beads make them to weld together (Bhattacharjee 201). Cluster assembly. Complicated parts involving hidden cavities and undercuts cannot be molded in one operational step, but are accumulated from pattern sections into a complete pattern. Amalgamation techniques used are heated platen welding, gluing and plugging. In order to augment the effectiveness of the total process, numerous patterns are joined into a cluster and provided with a common gate structure, also made of EPS.

Select a recent research journal article that presents the results of Literature review

Select a recent research journal article that presents the results of empirical research in an area that you are interested in - Literature review Example The paper â€Å"Cultural Values and International Differences in Business Ethics† by Scholtens and Dam provides a limited and preliminary analysis of the ethical policies of industries in different countries in relation to the cultural differences prevailing between countries. The analysis, covering around 2700 firms in 24 countries, suggests significant country specific variations in ethical policies. As for the dependence of country culture in the shaping of ethical policies, some pattern does seem to emerge. The analysis indicates that the cultural dimensions of individualism and uncertainty avoidance tend to impact a firm’s ethical policies positively. Masculinity and power distance on the other hand, seem to have a negative effect on the shaping of ethical policies (pp.273, 276). The research questions are, firstly, whether there are any significant differences in the ethical policies between industries belonging to different countries, and secondly, how the ethical policies are related to typical cultural values in a country. The underlying reasons for some countries consistently outperforming many other countries all over the world may be inherent in their cultures. This analysis is aimed at exploring the existence of such associations and the extent of their impact. The analysis does not use any questionnaire but uses other sources which have compiled data using questionnaire and survey techniques. It builds on the findings of Langlois and Schlegelmilch (1990), Hood and Logsdon (2002), Kaptein (2004), and Singh et al. (2005). The analysis also uses Hofstede’s (1980,1991) dimensions of culture. The authors feel that this paper may be the first to do quantitative analysis of the relationship between culture and business ethics (Scholtens and Dam, p.279). Data gathered on the basis of questionnaire and survey of firms in various areas by Ethical Investment Research Service (EIRIS) is used to derive data on

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of Seaweed

Chemical Synthesis and Analysis of Seaweed Chapter 1 Literature review 2015 Introduction Marine-microalgae are normally termed as seaweed belonging to the primitive family of non-flowering plant known as thallophyta (Fig 1). The sea plant lacks the leaves, stem and roots of true plants. The body of the seaweed is called the thallus named after the thallophyta. The flattened leaf portion of the microalgae is called the blade and its function is to increase the photosynthesizing surface area. Seaweeds are attached to the bottom by a root-like structure called a holdfast. Seaweeds are autotrophic which grows in the intertidal and sub-tidal region of the sea. Seaweeds grow abundantly where rocks and coral are present as substratum (Marine Fisheries information Services October-November 1998; Kaliaperumal et al., 2004). Figure 1: Shows the general structure of seaweed ( Thallophyta)( Reproduced from http://dtc.pima.edu/blc/183/03_183/03_183answers.html). Seaweed may be classified into two categories namely phaephyceae (Brown) and Rhodophyceae (Red). Seaweeds contain different types of phycolloids such as alginate, carrageenan, agarose and agar agar. Seaweed is mainly used in Asia as food, fodders, fertilizer and also as drugs in the pharmaceutical industry for its therapeutics properties (Marine Fisheries information Services, October-November, 1998). 1.1 Brown seaweed (Phaephyceae) Brown seaweed is found in the family of seaweed which is called the phaephyceae. The brown seaweed composition varies according to the species, throughout the year and between different habitats. Brown seaweed is composed mainly of carbohydrate such as alginate, laminaran, mannitol, fucoidan and small traces of cellulose as shown in Table 1. (Fasahati et al., 2012) Table1. Brown seaweed composition Component Base design dry weight (%) Used in simulation dry weight (%) Ash 23.63 25.48 Algin 27.78 27.78 Laminaran 16.67 18.52 Mannitol 14.81 14.81 Fucoidan 3.7 Cellulose 6.6 Protein 7.41 7.41 1.2 Alginate Alginate is a major structural biopolymer found in cell wall and intercellular matrix which provides mechanical strength in brown seaweed. Seaweeds containing alginate are called alginophyte (Yabur et al., 2006). In the natural environment, alginate exists as a mixture of potassium, calcium and sodium salt (Gomez et al., 2009). 1.2.1 Structure of alginate The structure differs from species, age and from different part of seaweed. Alginate consists of two monomers and is linked to each other alternately in a linear form. The monomers are namely ÃŽ ²-D-Mannuronate and ÃŽ ±-L-Guluronate in Fig 2(B) and 2(D) respectively. The acid form of mannuronate and guluronate, is mannuronic acid and guluronic acid (Fig 2(C)) respectively. Figure 2(A) depicts the structure of sodium alginate in a linear form. Alginate is the salt of alginic acid and its simplest formula is NaC6H7O6 in Fig 2(A) (Mahmood et al., 2009). . 2(A) 2(B) 2(C) 2(D) Figure 2: Repeat unit of (A) Sodium alginate (B) guluronate, (C) guluronic acid and (D) mannuronate (Falkeborg et al., 2014) The monomers are linked through carbon 1 and 4 and have sequences forming blocks of MM(Fig 3(A)), GG(Fig 3(A)) or GM blocks in Fig 3(A) (Arzate-Và ¡zquez et al., 2012, Morais et al., 2013). Mannuronates and guluronates both have carboxylic group on the carbon 5 of their respective structures (Falkeborg et al., 2014). (A) G G M M (B) G G M M GMMMMGGGGGGGMGMGMGMGMMMMG (C) MM blocks GG blocks MG blocks MM blocks Figure 3: (A) Alginate structure with G and M repeat units, (B) showing the repeat of G and M joined together (C) block fractions of alginate polymer (Yuemei Lin et al., 2010) 1.3 Species of brown seaweeds Alginate are commercially manufactured mainly from Laminaria hyperborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllumnodosum, Laminaria japonica, Eclonia maxima, Lessonia nigrescens, Durvillea Antarctica, Turbinaria conoides, Turbianria ornata and Turbinaria decurrens, Sargassum, Turbinaria ,Hormophysa, Cystoseira and Sargassum sp (Bertagnolli et al.,2014; Chennubhotla et al., 2013; Kaliaperumal et al., 1974). 1.4 Extraction of alginate Gomez et al., (2009) described the pre-treatment and the extraction of alginate from brown seaweed. The seaweed was crushed and was added to water to moisten the latter. 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid was added to the sample and the solution was stirred in order to reach a pH value of 4. This process was continued for 15 min at room temperature and the supernatant was eliminated. The pre-treatment was carried out three times for each sample using 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid. The extraction was followed by the addition of the pre-treated solution to a beaker with 1 N sodium carbonate (pH of solution 10). The mixture was stirred mechanically for a period of 2 hours at a temperature of 60 oC. To the extracted solution a silicon based rock was added and was stirred for 15 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged to obtain the sodium alginate supernatant. Sodium alginate can be purified using three different routes namely (i) Ethanol route, (ii) Hydrochloric acid route and (iii) Calcium chloride route as summarised in scheme 1. (i) Ethanol pathway The ethanol pathway was performed by the direct precipitation of sodium alginate using ethanol. The precipitate was washed then with ethanol under soxhlet condition for 100 hours to obtain the pure biopolymer which was dried under vacuum. (ii) Alginic pathway The extract alginate was mixed up with 1 N of HCl at room temperature under constant stirring for 1 hour at a pH of 1. To obtain the alginic acid, the mixture was separated by centrifugation by adding water and 1 N sodium carbonate. The mixture was left at room temperature under stirring for 1 hour in order to obtain the soluble form of sodium alginate. The polymer was precipitated by the addition of 1:1 volume ratio of ethanol by the method described in the ethanol pathway. (iii) Calcium chloride pathway To the extract of sodium alginate, 1 M calcium chloride was added and the precipitate was thoroughly washed with distilled water using a soxhlet for 64 hours. The mixture was agitated at room temperature and distilled water was then added followed by the addition of 1 N Hydrochloric acid until a pH 2 was reached. The alginic acid which is insoluble was separated from the supernatant by centrifugation and the insoluble alginic acid was washed with 0.05 N HCl and the solution were stirred at room temperature. The precipitation of alginate was obtained by the addition of Na2CO3 to obtain sodium alginate. The purified alginate was collected by the soxhlet as discussed in the ethanol pathway. Scheme1. Extraction of alginate (Gomez et al., 2009) 1.5 Yield of alginate The yield of alginate is being affected by different factors such as the species, age, period of harvest, temperature of extraction, extracted with either alkali or acid and on the content of alginate in brown seaweed also the size of alginate also affects the yield.(Fertah et al., 2014) Seaweeds that are grown in summer show a lower content of alginate in the branches and stems (15.1 %) and no trace of alginate in the receptacles (Bertagnolli et al., 2014). Sample SS size is 1mm and BS for 1mmoC (51.8 for SS and 44.01for BS) but an increase in temperature proved to have a drastic decrease in the yield shown in table 2 (Fertah et al., 2014). Table 2. Yield of alginate at different size sample and temperature Size 1mm Temperature /o C 25 40 60 25 40 60 Yield/% 38.33 51.8 43.2 35.28 44.01 40.2 There are up to 40% of alginate content in brown seaweed and the content of alginate depending species of brown algae can vary from 10 to 25% (Yabur et al., 2006). The period of collected of seaweed Sargassum filipendula have different yield of alginate. During fall, spring and summer the yield are 17.0  ±0.1 %, 17.2 ±0.3 % and 15.1 ± 0.1 % respectively. The yield is lower in summer than spring and fall because summer algae have lower receptacle and branches which are characteristic in their reproductive period. (Bertagnolli et al., 2015). The yield of alginate is also affected to different species of Sargassum shown in table 3. The highest yield is from S.vulgare is 30.2 % and the lowest S.dentifulum is 3.3 %. Table 3: Yield % of alginate from different species of Sargassum Species of seaweed % Yield S.vulgare 30.2 S.polycystum 17.1-27.6 S.dentifilium 3.3 S.latifilium 17.7 S.asperifolium 12.4 S.oligocystum 16.3-20.5 S.fuiltans 21.1-24.5 S.filipendula 15.1-17.2 1.6 Biosynthesis of alginate The proposed biosynthesis of alginic acid in Fucus gardineri in the presence of bacteria Pseudomonas is shown in Scheme 2 (Lin and Hassid: 1966). Mannose 1-phosphate reacts with GTP/ H+ in the presence of mannose 1-phosphate guanyl transferase to produce GDP-ÃŽ ±-D-mannose and the by product is diphosphate. GDP-ÃŽ ±-D-mannose in the presence of enzyme GDP-mannose dehydrogenase react with water and NAD+ giving GDP-Mannuronate and finally reacting with GDP/H+ to give alginate. Scheme 2: Biosynthesis of alginate in brown seaweed Fucus gardineri and bacteria (Lin and Hassid; 1966) 1.7 Characterisation of alginate Extracted alginate may be characterised using a variety of techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR, SEC, DSC, CHNS elemental analysis and viscosity. 1.7.1 1H-NMR 1H-NMR spectroscopy is used to determine the main structural pattern and composition of alginate. Structures of alginate are generally constituted of homopolymeric blocks i.e M and G blocks that can be separated by heteropolymeric of MG blocks. The M/G ratio has a strong effect on the physical properties of alginate. Figure 4:1H-NMR Spectra for solution of alginate form S. vulgare in D2O (a) SVLV (S.vulgare low viscosity) and (b) SVHV (S.vulgare High viscosity) (Torres et al., 2007) Figure 4 (a) and (b) show the 1H-NMR spectra of alginate extracted from SLHV and SLHV respectively. Peak I (5.06 ppm) was attributed to anomeric proton (G-1) guluronic acid, peak II (4.7 ppm) show the anomeric proton (M-1) of mannuronic acid and the C-5 alternating blocks (GM-5) which is overlapping each other at this peak and peak III (4.4 ppm) is for the anomeric peak of guluronic acid H-5 (G-5) (Torres et al., 2007). 1.7.2 FT-IR analysis FT-IR spectroscopy is used to determine the functional groups present in the structure of alginate. The FT-IR spectra of the extracted alginate from brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata is given in (figure 5). The bands which is around 800 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H which is ‘out plane’ of the aromatic ring. The peak near 1040 cm-1 is due to the stretching vibrations of C-O bond. The bands at 1230 and 1600 cm-1 corresponding to C-N stretching and N-H bending vibration respectively show the presence of aliphatic amine. The O-H alcoholic groups shows stretching vibrations band at around 3400 cm-1 and C=O stretching vibrations due to the carboxylic acids group present in the structure (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014). Figure 5: FT-IR spectra of Turbinaria ornata seaweed (Gowtham Sriram et al., 2014) 1.7.3 CHNS elemental analysis Table 4 shows the result for elemental analysis for SVHV and SVLV and both sample proved to have similar results. The nitrogen content is due to the protein found in the seaweed. The % C are 27.7 and 28.1, %H are 5.15 and 4.4 for SVLV and SVHV respectively. The %N (nitrogen) is due to the presence of protein which contains amine groups in seaweed. % S are zero for both SVLV and SVHV (Torres at al., 2007) Table 4 : Analytical data of Sargassum Vulgare alginate Analytical parameter (m/m %) SVLV(S.Vulgare low viscosity SVHV(S.Vulgare high viscosity H 5.15 4.49 C 27.7 28.1 N 0.178 0.164 S 0 0 1.7.4. Viscosity Intrinsic viscosity is the measurement of hydrodynamic volume occupied by complex molecule at unlimited dilution in specific solvents at a given temperature. The intrinsic viscosity depends on the molar mass (Mv), composition and the sequences of M and G residues. Intrinsic viscosity is represented as equation 1 [ÆÅ ¾] = sp/C Equation (1) Where ÆÅ ¾sp is specific viscosity and ÆÅ ¾sp/C is reduced viscosity Another equation of reduced viscosity is defined as ÆÅ ¾red = Equation (2) the intrinsic viscosity was found by the classical method of a plotting straight line graph according to the Huggin’s Equation (3) to which [ÆÅ ¾] y-intercept is obtained. ÆÅ ¾red = [ÆÅ ¾] + kH[ÆÅ ¾]2 C Equation (3) Graph of reduced viscosity versus alginate concentration for SVLV and SVHV sample shown in figure 6 (Torres et al., 2007). Figure 6: Specific viscosity of SVLV (S.Vulgare low viscosity) and SVHV(S.vulgare high viscosity) The viscosities were performed in 0.1 N NaCl at 25 oC for both SVLV and SVHV. Intrinsic viscosites are 6.9 and 4.14 g/dL for SVLV and SVHV respectively (Torres et al., 2007). Table 5 shows different [ÆÅ ¾] for different species of brown seaweed. High vis The intrinsic viscosities of S.Vulgare algiante ranges from (2.5-15.4) g/dL cosity was found SVLV due to high content of MM blocks. Table 5 :Intrinsic viscosity and average molar masses of alginates from different sources(Torres et al., 2007) Alginate source [ÆÅ ¾] (dL/g) Mwa 105 (g/mol) L. hyperborean 6.4 3.05 F. vesiculosus 2.5 1.17 A. nodosum 2.8 1.32 L. japonica 15.4 7.44 S. fluitans 6.30 3.00 S. dentifolium 12.6 6.06 S. asperifolium 15.2 7.34 S. latifolium 8.7 4.16 S. vulgare This study 4.1 1.94 LV (low viscosity ) HV (high viscosity) 6.9 3.30 1.7.4.1. Molar mass Molar mass (Mv) is determined by using the Mark-Houwink equation (4), [ÆÅ ¾] = k Mva - Equation (4) where k and a are empirical coefficients that are dependent on the polymer and the solvent-temperature system used. As for alginate, a value ranges from 0.73 to 1.31 can be acquired depending on the composition of alginate and ionic strength. G-rich alginate has higher a values while lower a values are observed in M-rich alginate which is flexible in nature Proposed empirical relations for [ņ¹] and the weight-average molar mass (Mw) for SVHV and SVLV was computed using equation 4 and the result shown in table 3 [ÆÅ ¾] = 0.023 Mw 0.984 - Equation 4 where [ÆÅ ¾] is given in dL/g and M in kDaltons. The a value used is 0.984 which is different on at specific solvent used. Average molar mass for SVHV was higher than SVLV and similar values to S.fluitans. SVLV has a lower value than other Sargassum species reported in table 5 (Torres et al., 2007). 1.8 Uses of alginate Alginate has many areas of application. For example in food industry and is use to stabilise mixture dispersion and emulsion which increase the viscosity of the gel and forms gel such as jam and jellies. Alginate gel films are also utilized in the food industry as edible films on fruits and vegetables and as coatings designed to improve stored meat quality, industrial and pharmaceutics because the water in alginate has the ability to hold and form gel, to form and stabilise emulsion, textile industry, rubber adhesive paper products, cosmetics and in dental mould (Chennubhotla et al., 2013; Crossingham et al., 2014). Alginate also protects against carcinogenic substances, it clears the digestive system and protects the membrane of the stomach and intestine. Alginate is used in the manufacturing of soft capsules and is consumed as beverage for lowering blood sugar level. Alginate is used in the textile industry as an additive for textile and has also been investigated recently in the composition in vaginal film dosage in pharmaceutical industries and alginate is also used in wound dressings (Paul et al., 2004).

Almost High : My Experience At The Homecoming Dance :: essays research papers

It's Saturday night and I'm in my snug but not skin tight blue spaghetti strap floor length dark royal blue dress, all ready to go out to a very fancy restuarant. Old Country Buffet. As my friend and I climb out of my car in a classy like fashion, we realize that the line to Old COuntry Buffet is at least 50 meters long. "Oh My God." I say as my lipstick chalked lips fall to the floor. Glancing over at a fast-food pizza restaurant, my friend and I look at each other. "Uh huh." We both say. Pizza is better than some buffet anyway, I thought. About five minutes later, some friends of hours emerge from the middle of the centidpede like line and come up to us. I almost jumped in hyperness. "WHazzzzzzup?" I say in such a polite way, sticing my tougue out in my dress. My friends and I eat at the small cafe-like tables provided in the indoor mall, trying not to smear pizza all over our faces before we got to the dance. Walking across the street to the school, the caffeine from the large Coke was already racing through my blood stream. Hyper as anything and almost jumping my friends began to think I got high before the dance, like most everyone else. By the time we got to the dance in the cafeteria, the music was pumping, people dancing their butts off, and me, hyper as anything. I was anything but bored. Ready to start jumping as soon as I got there, I raced into the cafeteria and brought my friend , Jimmy , with me. I had never felt so energized at a social event. I felt as if the music was literally flowing through my veins, pulsing with every move, and I was...high. But I wasn't. I was normal but I felt like I was high. Did being high feel like this? Had I had too much caffeine? Damn! I have to suck some helium out of those floating balloons! THe thoughs would not stop racing. Although I had never been to a rave, I thought that this dance felt like one. Euphoric, and as energized as a duracell battery after about 24 hours of charging, I hadn't checked my watch for at least two hours. About an hour later, I took a break to get some soda and some fresh , dry air.

Statistics Exercise

1.The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? d.Experimental2.What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control group? The mean posttest empowerment score was 97.12 3.Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline depression score of the experimental group is 14.00. The mean posttest depression score of the experimental group is 13.36.The posttest score is 0.64 lower than the baseline score. This is an expected finding because after the completion of the empowerment program the experimental group’s depression showed improvement. 4.Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline depression score of the control group is 10.40 The mean pos ttest depression score of the control group is 10.40. The scores show no change in the control groups score. It does show a change in the empowerments score which shows a decrease in the depression scores for the experimental group.5. Which group's test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. The control groups test scores 10.40 both at baseline and posttest showed the least amount of variability or dispersion.6.Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. I think the self care efficacy group showed the greatest amount of dispersion. The total groups post test score is 1.78 lower than the baseline score. The empowerment variable total groups posttest is only .11 lower than the baseline group. 7.The mean ( ) is a measure of central tendency of a distribution while the SD is a measure of dispersion of its scores. Both and SD are descriptive statistics.8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores?Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects was 6.74. The dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity score was 2.97. The severity scores did not vary much between the control and the experimental groups. This is important as the groups were no differences in clinical and demographic characteristics.9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean depression score showed the least amount of change when compared to their baseline values. Only 0.66 points for depression compared to 6.44 points for self care/self efficacy and 6.64 for empowerment. The mean score for the depressi on scale was lower than for the empowerment and self-care self-efficacy scales.10.Was it important for the researchers to include the total means and SDs for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers’ understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer. No, it is not necessary for the reader to have the total means and the SD’s for the study variables in the table to understand the study results. One can understand the results showing only the total means.

Mass Media Essay

Mass Media Essay Mass media has a very big influence on the life of every person in the society. In order to stress this influence, and prepare students to react on the mass media in a proper way – professors often ask students to write a mass media paper, mass media essay, mass media research paper, mass media term paper, etc. This paper is written in order to reveal personal opinions of students and how they relate mass media to their life. Nowadays every single person is exposed to advertisements, and has to be adequate in his or her behavior towards mass media. So if you are asked to write a paper on mass media – you have to conduct a good research on the mass media movement, the development of mass media throughout history, the way mass media influences our life, and what to do to prevent negative influence of mass media. After the research has been conducted, you have to form a good mass media paper structure. You need to have a good outline, as well as a string hypothesis, of what message should your paper communicate to the audience. Mass media paper is nothing without proper examples. You need to prove your opinion; hence, you need to provide string evidence of your thoughts. What is better evidence than good specific example of every point of your outline of the mass media paper? If you need some extremely creditable examples – the best way to get them – is to browse through the history of advertising, marketing, mass media methods and techniques. Mass media is constantly changing, new methods and techniques are applied every second, and what you can do is acknowledge those people and companies who proposed significant changes in mass media, and single handedly have managed to change the course of mass media. CustomWritings.com is your number one assistant in writing papers on mass media topics. If you somehow stumble upon a very difficult mass media topic – you can ask CustomWritings.com for help and assistance. We will manage to do everything you ask us to do. Our policy at CustomWritings.com is to help our customers in any ways and means possible. We will provide a strung outline as well as a profound structure of the mass media paper, as well as help with any point of the outline in particular. Be sure to contact CustomWritings.com and inquire about a possible great mass media paper on any topic. Here is a list of the most popular essay topics on mass media: Great Britain and the Mass Media What impact do the mass media have on modern government and politics? Media Studies with specific  reference to mass media and the effects on the audience. Mass media is  reflection of society Mass Media and the Commodity Fetish An introspective look at mass media communications Examine the ways in which females are represented in the mass media Mass Media: What Noises in the Environment Effect Your Concentration The Effects of the Mass Media on Elementary Students Mass media on Politics

Free Essays on M. Butterfly

. Be yourself - a cad - and know that my love is enough, that I submit - submit to the worst you can give me. (Pause.) Well, come. Strip me. Whatever happens, know that you have willed it. Our love, in your hands. I’m helpless before my man. (pg. 1701)†. This stuns Gallimard, never has Song been so willing to go against her modest ways. Gallimard refuses because he is afraid that if he takes away the one thing that attracts him so much to her, her modesty, then it will destroy the relationship. He knows tha... Free Essays on M. Butterfly Free Essays on M. Butterfly David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly There are a few different themes in Hwang’s M. Butterfly. One is the Western stereotyping of Asia. How all of the westerners are always saying that Asia is very submissive, weak, and a place that wants to be dominated. Hwang shows that the East could be very similar to the West, a â€Å"masculine, big gun, big industry and big money place† (pg. 1712). Hwang hopes to break the old butterfly myth of Asian submissiveness to western dominance. This is why Song dresses up as a woman and acts like the typical needy oriental woman, to lure Rene Gallimard into her trap. This ties into another theme of the story, sexual identity. For twenty years Gallimard was deeply in love with Song, whom he only thought to be a submissive, innocent oriental woman. Song knows that the western man wants a weak, oriental girl. This is why she puts on the act that she does. An act that portrays herself as being very frail, needy, and â€Å"modest† as she says. Gallimard likes the act that she puts on. However, he does not know that it is an act. He is being the stereotypical westerner, falling straight into the trap that Song wants him to fall into. As the play progresses, Song keeps playing her cute, frail act that completely takes over Gallimard. In a certain scene, Gallimard requests to see her naked. She uses her submissive, modest ways to respond, saying â€Å" No, Rene. Don’t couch your request in sweet words. Be yourself - a cad - and know that my love is enough, that I submit - submit to the worst you can give me. (Pause.) Well, come. Strip me. Whatever happens, know that you have willed it. Our love, in your hands. I’m helpless before my man. (pg. 1701)†. This stuns Gallimard, never has Song been so willing to go against her modest ways. Gallimard refuses because he is afraid that if he takes away the one thing that attracts him so much to her, her modesty, then it will destroy the relationship. He knows tha...

The French and Indian War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The French and Indian War - Essay Example At this point in the history of the world, nobody had ever seen a war with the credentials held by the French and Indian War. As the first "global war unfolded, the number of troops grew to record breaking proportions. World War I as we know it might be more properly referred to as World War II. This seven year affair involved two world powers along with a nation-to-be full of pioneers in addition to an entire race of American Natives. The rivalry for American soil between the British and the French was long running and is probably the fundamental grounding for the cause of the war. More generally, the dispute over the Ohio River Valley could sum up the spark that started the war between these groups. There are several occurrences throughout American history which helped define this country. This war was a tussle which eventually led to a successful endeavor by the British to achieve a central position in America and almost completely stripped the French of their claims in North America, the West Indies, and parts of India. The impact of this war greatly changed the American colonies in several meticulous areas. Britain and France, prior to the war, had always been rivals of one another and fought in century-long battles against each other. The French and Indian War erupted from conflicts over the control of the valuable fur trade, and the rich sugar production located in the West Indies. Throughout the war, both countries relied on military assistance from their colonists, and their Native American allies. The three major conflicts which triggered the French and Indian war were King William's War (1689 - 1697), Queen Anne's War (1702 - 1713) and King George's War (1744 - 1748). Following these series of wars, the last conflict between Britain and France for dominance over North America was known as the French and Indian War (1754 - 1763)1. It started as a struggle for control over the "middle ground" territory of the Ohio Valley. This "middle ground" between the French and English colonies in North America was subjugated by the Iroquois Confederacy. At that time, Britain was hailed to be a huge world power. A phrase heard all too often in that time states, "The sun never sets on the British empire." The French and Indian War would lead to a Proclamation that stirred much controversy in the colonies. This sparked a united period of disobedience, which would eventually guide the way to a revolution. The British was the main world power at this time. The French were forced to use "brain over brawn" tactics to survive the upcoming battle. For the most part, French pioneers in the new world were in good with the natives. They had trading posts set up for exchange of fur and goods. Many French even took on the surrounding native culture. Primarily, they did not settle in areas claimed by the Indians to avoid hostility. In fact, they did the opposite; for example, the Frenchmen often helped tribes work out disagreements. The general attitude of the British seemed to lean toward independence from the natives. In turn, the common inclination concerning the French appeared to be that amalgamating

Movie Analysis of Ender's Game (2013) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Movie Analysis of Ender's Game (2013) - Essay Example The novel is fashioned on purely speculative future invasion of the earth by an alien insectoid race referred to as ‘buggers’ (Card, 2002).The Enders Game (2013) film adaptation has combined the futuristic speculation with the current action, in which Ender Wiggins, the protagonist kid in this film ends up actually fighting and wining against the alien Formics, while he still believes that he is in the process of training. Thus, the film Enders Game (2013) is an epic science fiction film that rarely demonstrates anything of the realistic world, but rather focuses purely on scientific inventions, technologies and speculated future events that are not based on any realistic worldly happening either at present or in the past. The film, Enders Game (2013), is science fiction film, owing to the fact that the film presents a futuristic theme of war between the planet earth and aliens from another planet, based on no realistic prediction or occurrence that would trigger such a war. One of the fundamental elements that qualify a film as a science fiction genre is the fashioning of the film based on a futuristic setting (Morse, 2006). In this respect, the film Enders Game (2013) presents the preparation of genius kids for a battle between the earth and another planet, which happens many years into the future. The alien Formic had invaded the earth previously and caused the death of millions of people, and therefore the most gifted and talented of all kids have been recruited into the battle school to be trained in readiness of fighting the next evasion that is anticipated. The film Enders Game (2013) becomes an epic science fiction, owing to the fact that the course of training the kids and winning the war over the Formic aliens takes the form of training on unrealistic settings such as the zero gravity ‘battle room’ (Hood, 2013). Ender Wiggin is